Botany - Botanica: Viola - Wiki data en Español and English - 85 Links to Botany species - Especies botánicas
Posted by Ricardo Marcenaro | Posted in Botany - Botanica: Viola - Wiki data en Español and English - 85 Links to Botany species - Especies botánicas | Posted on 21:31
Open your mind, your heart to other cultures
Abra su mente, su corazón a otras culturas
You will be a better person
Usted será una mejor persona
RM
Abra su mente, su corazón a otras culturas
You will be a better person
Usted será una mejor persona
RM
Bird-foot Violet 'Eco Artist Palette' (Viola pedata)
Common Dog Violet, Wood Violet (Viola riviniana)
Common Dog Violet, Wood Violet (Viola riviniana)
Common Dog Violet, Wood Violet (Viola riviniana)
Horned Violet, Tufted Pansy 'Black Magic' (Viola cornuta)
Horned Violet, Tufted Pansy 'Sorbet Coconut'
Horned Violet, Tufted Pansy 'Sorbet Purple Babyface'
Viola (most commonly pronounced /vaɪˈoʊlə/ in the US and /ˈvaɪələ/ in the UK[1]) is a genus of flowering plants in the violet family Violaceae, with around 400–500 species distributed around the world. Most species are found in the temperate Northern Hemisphere, however viola species (commonly called violets, pansies or heartsease) are also found in widely divergent areas such as Hawaii, Australasia, and the Andes in South America.
Most Viola species are tiny perennial plants, some are annual plants, and a few are small shrubs. A number of species are grown for their ornamental flowers in borders and rock gardens; the garden pansy in particular is an extensively used spring and autumn/winter bedding and pot plant. Viola and violetta are terms used by gardeners and generally in horticulture for neat, small-flowered hybrid plants intermediate in size between pansies and violets.[2][3]
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Description
Viola species typically have heart-shaped, scalloped leaves, though a number have palmate leaves or other shapes. The vast majority of Viola species are herbaceous, and a substantial number are acaulescent in habit - meaning they lack any noticeable stems and the foliage and flowers appear to rise from the ground; the remaining species have short stems with foliage and flowers produced in the axils of the leaves. The simple leaves of plants with either habit are arranged alternately; the acaulescent species produce basal rosettes. Plants always have leaves with stipules that are often leaf-like.
The flowers of the vast majority of the species are zygomorphic with bilateral symmetry. The flowers are formed from five petals; four are upswept or fan-shaped petals with two per side, and there is one broad, lobed lower petal pointing downward. The shape of the petals and placement defines many species, for example, some Viola species have a "spur" on the end of each petal while most have a spur on the lower petal.
Solitary flowers end long stalks with a pair of bracteoles. The flowers have 5 sepals that persistent after blooming, and in some species the sepals enlarge after blooming. The flowers have five free stamens with short filaments that are oppressed against the ovary, only the lower two stamens have nectary spurs that are inserted on the lowest petal into the spur or a pouch. The flower styles are thickened near the top and the stigmas are head-like, narrowed or often beaked. The flowers have a superior ovary with one cell, which has three placentae, containing many ovules.
After flowering, fruit capsules are produced that split open by way of three valves.[4] Viola flowers are most often spring blooming with chasmogamous flowers with well developed petals pollinated by insects. Many species also produce self-pollinated cleistogamous flowers in summer and autumn that do not open and lack petals.[5] The nutlike seeds have straight embryos, flat cotyledons, and soft fleshy endosperm that is oily.[6] The seeds are often spread by ants.
Flower colours vary in the genus, ranging from violet, as their common name suggests, through various shades of blue, yellow, white, and cream, whilst some types are bicolored, often blue and yellow. Many cultivars and hybrids have been bred in a greater spectrum of colours. Flowering is often profuse, and may last for much of the spring and summer.
One quirk of some viola is the elusive scent of their flowers; along with terpenes, a major component of the scent is a ketone compound called ionone, which temporarily desensitises the receptors of the nose, thus preventing any further scent being detected from the flower until the nerves recover.
Selected species
See List of Viola species for a more complete list.
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Note: Neither Saintpaulia ("African violets") nor Erythronium dens-canis ("dogtooth violets") are related to the true Viola.
The genus includes dog violets, a group of scentless species which are the most common viola in many areas, sweet violet (Viola odorata) (named from its sweet scent), and many other species whose common name includes the word "violet". Several species are known as pansies, including the yellow pansy (Viola pedunculata) of the Pacific coast.
Common blue violet Viola sororia is the state flower of Wisconsin, Rhode Island, Illinois, and New Jersey.
Australia is home to a number of Viola species, including Viola hederacea, Viola betonicifolia and Viola banksii, first collected by Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander on the Cook voyage to Botany Bay.
The modern garden pansy (V. × wittrockiana) is a plant of complex hybrid origin involving at least three species, V. tricolor (wild pansy or heartsease), V. altaica and V. lutea (mountain pansy).
Horticultural uses
Species and cultivars
Cultivars of Viola cornuta, Viola cucullata, Viola odorata, are commonly grown from seed. Other species often grown include Viola labradorica, Viola pedata and Viola rotundifolia.[7]
Bedding plants
The plants known to gardeners as "violas" are common bedding and pot plants world wide. In 2005 in the United States, violas (including pansies) were one of the top three bedding plant crops and 111 million dollars worth of flats of violas were produced for the bedding flower market.[8] Pansies and violas used for bedding are generally raised from seed, and F1 hybrid seed strains have been developed which produce compact plants of reasonably consistent flower colouring and appearance. Bedding plants are usually discarded after one growing season.
Perennial cultivars
There are hundreds of perennial viola and violetta cultivars; many of these do not "come true" from seed and therefore have to be propagated from cuttings. Violettas can be distinguished from violas by the lack of ray markings on their petals.[2] A few popular examples include:[9]
- Viola 'Ardross Gem' (viola)
- Viola 'Buttercup' (violetta)
- Viola 'Columbine' (viola)
- Viola 'Dawn' (violetta)
- Viola 'Etain' (viola)
- Viola 'Irish Molly' (viola)
- Viola 'Jackanapes' (viola)
- Viola 'Maggie Mott' (viola)
- Viola 'Martin' (viola)
- Viola 'Molly Sanderson' (viola)
- Viola 'Rebecca' (violetta)
- Viola 'Vita' (viola)
- Viola 'Zoe' (violetta)
- viola 'Blackjack'
Weed control
Not all violets are desired, and wild violets function as a weed in North American lawns. Wild violets are a problem in shady fescue lawns in North America. Violets thrive in the part/full shade and are not susceptible to most herbicides used to kill common lawn weeds. Triclopyr, a weedkiller, has been found to be an effective method of controlling wild violets in fescue lawns.
Other uses
Culinary
When newly opened, Viola flowers may be used to decorate salads or in stuffings for poultry or fish. Soufflés, cream and similar desserts can be flavoured with essence of Viola flowers. The young leaves are edible raw or cooked as a somewhat bland leaf vegetable. The flowers and leaves of the cultivar 'Rebecca', one of the Violetta violets, has a distinct vanilla flavor with hints of wintergreen.
A candied violet or crystallized violet is a flower, usually of Viola odorata, preserved by a coating of egg white and crystallised sugar. Alternately, hot syrup is poured over the fresh flower (or the flower is immersed in the syrup) and stirred until the sugar recrystallizes and has dried. This method is still used for rose petals and was applied to orange flowers in the past (when almonds or orange peel are treated this way they are called pralines). Candied violets are still made commercially in Toulouse, France, where they are known as violettes de Toulouse. They are used as decorating or included in aromatic desserts.
The French are also known for their violet syrup, most commonly made from an extract of violets. In the United States, this French violet syrup is used to make violet scones and marshmallows.
Viola essence flavours the liqueurs Creme Yvette, Creme de Violette, and Parfait d'Amour. It is also used in Parma Violets confectionery.
Medicinal
The flowers, leaves and roots of various Viola species are used for medicinal purposes, being rich in vitaminsantioxidant called an anthocyanin. Viola flowers are also used to make an herbal tea that is used in Chinese herbal medicine. Most violas (all tested) and many plants of the Violaceae plant family contain cyclotides.[10][11][12] A and C. They also contain a type of
Perfume
Viola odorata is used as a source for scents in the perfume industry. Violet is known to have a 'flirty' scent as its fragrance comes and goes. Ionone is present in the flowers, which turns off the ability for humans to smell the fragrant compound for moments at a time.[13]
Uses by other species
Viola species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including the Giant Leopard Moth, Large Yellow Underwing, Lesser Broad-bordered Yellow Underwing, High Brown Fritillary, Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary, Pearl-bordered fritillary and Setaceous Hebrew Character.
References
Notes
- ^ The pronunciation /vaɪˈoʊlə/ (vy-OH-lə) is the most common one in US English, but US dictionaries also record (less common) use of /viˈoʊlə/ (vee-OH-lə) and /ˈvaɪ.ələ/ (VY-ə-lə): American Heritage Dictionary, Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Interestingly, the only pronunciation recorded by the Compact Oxford English Dictionary is /ˈviː.ələ/ (VEE-ə-lə) but the only pronunciation recorded by the Oxford Dictionaries Online is /ˈvaɪ.ələ/ (VY-ə-lə).
- ^ a b http://www.americanvioletsociety.org/Species_N_Cultivars/Pansy.htm (Accessed 14 Oct 2008)
- ^ http://www.rhs.org.uk/RHSPlantFinder/GenusClass.asp?Genus=Viola (Accessed 14 Oct 2008)
- ^ Cullen, J. 2001. Handbook of North European garden plants with keys to families and genera. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Page 345.
- ^ Walters, Dirk R., and David J. Keil. 1996. Vascular plant taxonomy. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Pub. Co. Page 332.
- ^ Cronquist, Arthur. 1981. An integrated system of classification of flowering plants. New York: Columbia University Press. Page 404.
- ^ Armitage, Allan M. (1989), Herbaceous perennial plants: a treatise on their identification, culture, and garden attributes, Athens, GA.: Varsity Press, Inc., pp. 600–606, ISBN 0-87563-810-4
- ^ http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/EP327
- ^ RHS Plant Finder 2008-2009, Dorling Kindersley (2008) ISBN 978-1-4053-3190-6 pp787–791
- ^ Tang J., Wang C.K., Pan X., Yan H., Zeng G., Xu W., He W., Daly N.L., Craik D.J., Tan N. "Isolation and characterization of cytotoxic cyclotides from Viola tricolor." Peptides 2010 31:8 (1434-1440)
- ^ Trabi M., Mylne J.S., Sando L., Craik D.J.,"Circular proteins from Melicytus (Violaceae) refine the conserved protein and gene architecture of cyclotides" Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry 2009 7:11 (2378-2388)
- ^ Gerlach S.L., Burman R., Bohlin L., Mondal D., Göransson U. "Isolation, characterization, and bioactivity of cyclotides from the micronesian plant psychotria leptothyrsa" Journal of Natural Products 2010 73:7 (1207-1213)
- ^ Ackerman, Diane. A natural history of the senses. New York: Vintage Books, 1991. Print.
External references
- ITIS (Accessed December 2, 2002)
- The Oxford Companion to Food, by Alan Davidson, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-211579-0
- Larousse Gastronomique, by Prosper Montagne (Ed.), Clarkson Potter, 2001. ISBN 0-609-60971-8
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Viola (Violaceae) |
- Violaceae in Topwalks
- Viola charlestonensis type sheet from Louis-Marie herbarium (Laval University; Isotype, holotype is at University of California).
- Images of Japanese Viola Flavon's art gallery
- The American Violet Society
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). "Violet". Encyclopædia Britannica (Eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Horned Violet, Tufted Pansy 'Sorbet Yellow Delight'
Horned Violet, Tufted Pansy 'Sorbet Yellow Delight'
Viola (género)
De Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre
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Clasificación científica | |
Reino: | Plantae |
División: | Magnoliophyta |
Clase: | Magnoliopsida |
Orden: | Malpighiales |
Familia: | Violaceae |
Subfamilia: | Violoideae |
Tribu: | Rinoreeae |
Subtribu: | Violeae |
Género: | Viola L. 1753 |
Especies seleccionadas | |
Ver texto. | |
Sinonimia | |
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La violeta es una planta herbácea, de la familia de las violáceas con tallos rastreros, hojas radicales con peciolos largos o cortos, ásperas y en forma de corazón, lanceoladas, ovales, reniformes, sectadas, etc. con bordes festoneados, lisos o dentados. Produce pequeñas flores de color azul intenso, morado claro, violeta, púrpura, blancas o amarillas, de tallo largo y fino. Algunas poseen un suave aroma muy apreciado en perfumería, son famosas las violetas de la región de Toulouse en Francia y crece en las montañas de España. Se emplea como planta de ornato en jardines y tiestos. Se la reconoce como símbolo de la modestia debido a que sus pequeñas flores parecen esconderse tímidamente bajo sus hojas grandes y acorazonadas.
Especies
- Viola abyssinica Steud. ex Oliv.
- Viola acanthophylla Leyb. ex Reiche
- Viola accrescens Klokov
- Viola acuminata Ledeb
- Viola adenothrix Hayata
- Viola adriatica Freyn
- Viola adunca Sm.
- Viola aetnensis Parl.
- Viola aetolica Boissieu H. & Heldr.
- Viola affinis Le Conte
- Viola agellae Pollard C. L.
- Viola aizoon Reiche
- Viola alaica Vved.
- Viola alba Besser
- Viola alexandrowiana (W.Becker) Juz.
- Viola alexejana Kamelin & Junussov
- Viola allchariensis Beck G.
- Viola alliariaefolia Nakai
- Viola allochroa Botsch.
- Viola alpina Jacq.
- Viola altaica Ker Gawl.
- Viola amamiana Hatusima
- Viola ambigua Waldst.& Kit
- Viola amurica W. Becker
- Viola anagae Gilli
- Viola angustifolia Phil.
- Viola angustipulata Chang
- Viola appalachiensis L.K.Henry
- Viola araucaniae W.Becker
- Viola arborescens L.
- Viola argenteria Moraldo & G.Forneris
- Viola argentina W.Becker
- Viola arguta Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.
- Viola arsenica Beck
- Viola arvensis Murray
- Viola asterias Hook & Arn.
- Viola athois W.Becker
- Viola atropurpurea Leyb.
- Viola aurantiaca Leyb.
- Viola aurata Phil.
- Viola aurea Kellogg
- Viola auricolor Skottsb.
- Viola auricula Leyb.
- Viola avatschensis Becker W & Hulten A
- Viola awagatakensis Yamazaki T.
- Viola bakeri Greene E. L.
- Viola bambusetorum Hand.-Mazz.
- Viola bangiana W.Becker
- Viola bangii Rusby
- Viola banksii K.R.Thiele & Prober - (Australia)
- Viola barroetana W.Schaffn.
- Viola battandieri W.Becker
- Viola beamani Calderón
- Viola beckiana Fiala
- Viola beckwithii Torr. & Gray
- Viola bernardii (Greene) Greene
- Viola bertolonii Pio
- Viola betonicifolia Sm.
- Viola bezdelevae Vorosch.
- Viola bhutanica Hara
- Viola bicolor Pursh
- Viola biflora L.
- Viola biflora Regel
- Viola binayensis Okamoto & Ueda K.
- Viola bissellii House H. D.
- Viola bissetii Maxim
- Viola blanda Willd.
- Viola blandaeformis Nakai
- Viola bocquetiana Yildirimli
- Viola boissieuana Makino
- Viola bornmuelleri Erben M.]]
- Viola brachyceras Turcz.
- Viola brachypetala Gay
- Viola brachyphylla W. Becker
- Viola brevistipulata [Franch & Savat.](W. Becker) Kitag
- Viola brevistipulata (Franch. & Sav) W. Becker
- Viola bridgesii Britton N. L.
- Viola brittoniana Pollard C. L.
- Viola bubanii Timb. & Lagr.
- Viola buchtienii Gand.
- Viola bulbosa Maxim
- Viola bustillosia Gay
- Viola calaminaria Lej. A
- Viola calcarata L.
- Viola calchaquiensis W. Becker
- Viola calderensis W. Becker
- Viola caleyana Don D. A.
- Viola californica Baker M. S.
- Viola californica Greene
- Viola cameleo Boissieu H.
- Viola canadensis L.
- Viola canescens Wallich
- Viola canina L.
- Viola canobarbata Leyb.
- Viola capillaris Pers.
- Viola castillonii (W. Becker) Xifreda & Sanso
- Viola catalonica W. Becker
- Viola caucasica Kolen.
- Viola cazorlensis Gand.
- Viola cenisia L.
- Viola cerasifolia St.Hilaire
- Viola chaerophylloides (Regel) W. Becker
- Viola chamaedrys Leyb.
- Viola chamissoniana Gingins
- Viola charlestonensis Baker M. S. & Clausen J. C.
- Viola charlestownensis Baker M. S. & Clausen J. C.
- Viola chassanica Korkischko R.I.
- Viola cheiranthifolia Humb., Bonpl. & Kunth., violeta del Teide
- Viola chelmea Boiss. & Heldr.
- Viola chiapasiensis W.Becker
- Viola chrysantha Phil.
- Viola ciliata Schltdl.
- Viola cinerea Boiss.
- Viola clauseniana Baker M. S.
- Viola cleistogamoides (Adams L.) Seppelt R.D.
- Viola cochranei Ballard H. E.
- Viola collina Besser.
- Viola columnaris Skottsberg
- Viola commersonii De Candolle ex Gingins]]
- Viola commutata Waisb.
- Viola comollia Massara
- Viola concordifolia Ching J. Wang
- Viola confertifolia Chang
- Viola confusa Champ. ex Benth]]
- Viola conjugens Greene E. L.
- Viola consobrina House H. D.
- Viola conspersa Reichenb.
- Viola contempta Jordan A
- Viola cordifolia (Nuttall) Schweinitz
- Viola cornuta L.
- Viola coronifera W. Becker
- Viola corralensis Phil.
- Viola corsica Nyman
- Viola cotyledon Gingins
- Viola crassa Makino
- Viola crassicalcarata Ching J. Wang
- Viola crassifolia Fenzl.
- Viola crassiuscula Bory - Violeta de Sierra Nevada
- Viola cretacea Klokov
- Viola cretica Boiss.& Heldr.
- Viola cuatrecasasii L.B.Smith & A.Fernández
- Viola cucullata Aiton
- Viola cuicochensis Hieron.
- Viola cummingii W. Becker
- Viola cuneata Watson S.
- Viola cunninghamii Hook J.D.
- Viola curicoensis Becker G.
- Viola curvistylis Boissieu H. & Captin.
- Viola cuspidifolia W. Becker
- Viola cyathiformis W. Becker
- Viola dacica Borbás
- Viola dactyloides Roemer R & Schultes J.A.
- Viola dasyphylla W. Becker
- Viola davidii Franch.
- Viola decipiens Reiche
- Viola declinata Waldst. & Kit.
- Viola decumbens Gmel. J.F.
- Viola delavayi Franch.
- Viola delphinantha Boiss.
- Viola demetria Prolongo ex Boiss.
- Viola diamantiaca Nakai
- Viola dichroa Boissieu H. & Huet A.
- Viola diffusa Gingins
- Viola diffusoides Ching J. Wang
- Viola dimorphophyllaY. S. Chen & Q. E. Yang
- Viola dirimliensisBlaxland
- Viola dirphya Tiniakov A.
- Viola disjuncta W. Becker
- Viola dissecta '
- Viola diversifolia (De Candolle) W. Becker
- Viola doerfleri Degen
- Viola doii Takenouchi
- Viola dolichocentra Botsch.
- Viola dolichoceras Ching J. Wang
- Viola dombeyana De Candolle
- Viola domeikoana Gay C.
- Viola domingensis Urb.
- Viola donetzkiensis Klokov M.V.
- Viola douglasii Steud.
- Viola dubyana Burnat [Gremli]
- Viola dukadjinica W. Becker & Kosanin
- Viola dyris Maire R.
- Viola eamesii House H. D.
- Viola ecuadorensis W. Becker
- Viola eizanensis (Makino) Makino
- Viola elatior Fries]]
- Viola elegantula Schott.
- Viola elisabethae Klokov
- Viola emeiensis Ching J. Wang
- Viola eminii (Engl.) Fries R.E.
- Viola epipsila Ledeb.]]
- Viola epipsiloides Love A. & D.
- Viola ermenekensisYild. & Dinc
- Viola etrusca Erben M.
- Viola eugeniae Parlatore
- Viola evae Hieron. ex W. Becker
- Viola exigua W. Becker
- Viola eximia Formánek
- Viola fargesii Boissieu H.
- Viola faurieana W. Becker
- Viola feldtschenkoana W. Becker
- Viola filicaulis Hook F.
- Viola filicetorum Greene E. L.
- Viola fimbriatula Sm.
- Viola fischeri W. Becker
- Viola fissifolia Kitagawa
- Viola flagelliformis Hemsley W. B.
- Viola flettii Piper C. V.
- Viola florairiensis Correvon
- Viola flos-evae Hieron.
- Viola fluehmannii Phil.
- Viola formosana Hayata
- Viola formosana Hayata
- Viola formosana Hsieh C.F.
- Viola forrestiana W. Becker
- Viola fragrans Sieber
- Viola frank-smithii Holmgren N. H.
- Viola friderici G.
- Viola frigida Phil.
- Viola frondosa (Velen.) Hayek
- Viola fruticosa W. Becker
- Viola fuscifolia W. Becker
- Viola fuscoviolacea (Adams L.G.) James T.A.
- Viola germaninii Sparre
- Viola glabella Nuttall T.
- Viola glacialis Poepp. & Endl.
- Viola glandularis Ballard H. E. & Jorg P.
- Viola glandulifera Hook
- Viola glausescens Oudem.
- Viola glechomoides Leyb.
- Viola gmeliniana Roemer R & Schultes J.A.
- Viola godoyae Phil.
- Viola gracilis Sibth.& Sm.
- Viola gracillima St.Hilaire A.
- Viola graeca ( Becker G.) Halacsy
- Viola grahami Bentham G.
- Viola grandisepala W. Becker
- Viola granulosa Wedd.
- Viola grayi Franch. & Sav.
- Viola greenmani House H. D.
- Viola grisebachiana Boiss.
- Viola grisebachiana Vis.
- Viola grypoceras Gray A.
- Viola guadalupensis Powell A. & Wauer B.
- Viola guatemalensis W. Becker
- Viola guineensis Schumach. & Thonn.
- Viola hallii Gray A.
- Viola hamiltoniana Don D.
- Viola hancockii W. Becker
- Viola hastata Michx.
- Viola hederacea Labil.]] - (Australia).
- Viola hediniana W. Becker
- Viola heldreichiana Boiss.
- Viola helena C.N.Forbes & Lydgate
- Viola helenae C.N.Forbes & Lydgate
- Viola hemsleyana Calderón
- Viola henryi Boiss.
- Viola hieronymi W.Becker
- Viola hillii W.Becker
- Viola himalayensis W.Becker
- Viola hirsutula Brainerd
- Viola hirta L.
- Viola hirtipes Moore S.
- Viola hispida Lam.
- Viola hissarica Juz.
- Viola hollickii House H. D.
- Viola hondoensis W.Becker & Boiss.
- Viola hookeri Thomson ex Hook
- Viola hookeriana Kunth.
- Viola hosakae H.St.John
- Viola hossei W.Becker
- Viola howellii Gray A.
- Viola huesoensis Martic.
- Viola huidobrii Gay
- Viola hultenii W.Becker
- Viola humilis Kunth.
- Viola hunanensis Hand.-Mazz.
- Viola hymettia Boiss. & Heldr.
- Viola ibukiana Makino
- Viola ignobilis Rupr.
- Viola improcera L.G.Adams
- Viola incisa Turcz.
- Viola inconspicua Blume
- Viola indica W.Becker
- Viola ircutiana Turcz
- Viola irinae Zolot.
- Viola isaurica Contandr. & Quezel
- Viola ishidoyana Nakai H.
- Viola isopetala Juz.
- Viola iwagawai Makino
- Viola jagellonica Zapal.
- Viola jalapaensis W. Becker
- Viola jangiensis W. Becker
- Viola japonica Langsd.ex Ging.
- Viola jaubertiana Mares & Virgineix
- Viola javanica W. Becker
- Viola joergensenii W. Becker
- Viola johnstonii W. Becker
- Viola jooi Janka
- Viola jordanii Henry J.K.
- Viola kalbreyeri W. Becker
- Viola kamibayashii Nakai H.
- Viola kapsanensis Nakai H.
- Viola kashmiriana W. Becker
- Viola kauaensis Gray A.
- Viola keiskei Janka
- Viola keiskei Miq.
- Viola kermesina W. Becker
- Viola kiangsiensis W. Becker
- Viola kitaibeliana Roem. & Schultes J. A.
- Viola kitamiana Nakai
- Viola kizildaghensis Dinç & Yldirimli
- Viola kjellbergii Melchior H.
- Viola koraiensis Nakai
- Viola kosanensis Hayata
- Viola kosaninii Hayek
- Viola kunawarensis Royle
- Viola kupcokiana W. Becker
- Viola kupfferi Klokov
- Viola kusanoana Makino
- Viola kusnezowiana W. Becker
- Viola labradorica Schrank
- Viola lactea Sm.
- Viola lactiflora Nakai
- Viola lanaiensis W. Becker
- Viola lanceifolia Schumach. & Thonn.
- Viola lanceolata L.
- Viola langeana Valentine
- Viola langsdorfii (Regel) Fisch.ex Gingins
- Viola lanifera Becker G.
- Viola latistipulata Hemsley W. B.
- Viola lavrenkoana Klokov
- Viola lehmannii W. Becker
- Viola leyboldiana Phil.
- Viola lianhuashanensis Ching J. Wang & Sun K.
- Viola libanotica Boiss.
- Viola lilloana W.Becker
- Viola linifolia Poir.
- Viola lithion Holmgren N. H. & Holmgren P. K.
- Viola littoralis Sprengel
- Viola llullaillacoensis W. Becker
- Viola lobata Benth
- Viola lovelliana Brainerd
- Viola lucens W. Becker
- Viola luciae Skottsberg
- Viola lutea Hudson
- Viola lyallii Hook F.
- Viola macloskeyi Lloyd F. E.
- Viola macroceras Bunge
- Viola maculata Cav.
- Viola maculata Cav. & Weibel
- Viola magellanica Forster F.
- Viola magellensis Porta & Rigo ex Strobl.
- Viola magnifica Wang ex Wang X.D.
- Viola maichurensis Pissjaukova
- Viola makranica Omer S. & Qaiser M.
- Viola malteana House H. D.
- Viola mandonii W.Becker
- Viola mandschurica W.Becker
- Viola maroccana Maire
- Viola mauritii Tepl.
- Viola maviensis
- Viola maximowicziana Makino
- Viola maymanica Grey-Wilson
- Viola mearnsii Merrill
- Viola membranacea W. Becker
- Viola mercurii Orph. ex Halácsy
- Viola merrilliana W. Becker
- Viola meyeriana (Rupr.) Klokov
- Viola micranthella Wedd.
- Viola microceras Rupr.
- Viola microdonta Chang
- Viola minor (Makino) Makino
- Viola minuta Bieb. M.
- Viola minutiflora Phil.
- Viola mirabilis L.
- Viola mistura House H. D.
- Viola modesta Fenzl.
- Viola modesta House H. D.
- Viola mollicula House H. D.
- Viola monbeigii W. Becker
- Viola mongolica Franchet
- Viola montagnei Gay C.
- Viola montcaunica Pau
- Viola moupinensis Franchet
- Viola mucronulifera Hand.-Mazz.
- Viola muehldorfii Kiss
- Viola mulfordiae Pollard C. L.
- Viola muliensisen & Q.E. Yang
- Viola multistolonifera Ching J. Wang
- Viola munbyana Boissieu & Reuter
- Viola munozensis W. Becker
- Viola muscoides Phil.
- Viola nagasawai Makino & Hayata
- Viola nannae Fries R.E.
- Viola nannei Polak
- Viola nassauvioides Phil.
- Viola nebrodensis Presl. C.
- Viola nemausensis Jordan
- Viola nemoralis
- Viola nephrophylla Greene
- Viola niederleinii W.Becker
- Viola nivalis Phil.
- Viola nobilis W.Becker
- Viola notabilis Bicknell E. P.
- Viola nubigena Leybold
- Viola nuda W. Becker
- Viola nuevo-leonensis W.Becker
- Viola nummulariifolia Vill.
- Viola nuttallii Pursh
- Viola oahuensis C.N.Forbes
- Viola obliqua Aiton
- Viola obliquifolia Turcz.
- Viola obtusa (Makino) Makino
- Viola occulta Lehm
- Viola ocellata Torrey & Gray A.
- Viola odontocalycina Boissieu H.
- Viola odorata L.
- Viola oligoceps Chang
- Viola oligyrtia No descripto
- Viola orbelica Pancic
- Viola orbiculata Geyer ex Holz.
- Viola oreades Bieb. M.
- Viola orientalis (Maxim) W. Becker
- Viola orphanidis Boiss.
- Viola orthoceras Ledeb.
- Viola ovalleana Phil.
- Viola ovato-oblonga Makino
- Viola oxyodontis Ballard H. E.
- Viola pachyrrhiza Boissieu H. & Hohen.
- Viola pacifica Juz.
- Viola painteri Rose J. N. & House H. D.
- Viola pallascaensis W. Becker
- Viola palmata L.
- Viola palmensis (Webb & Berthel.) Sauer
- Viola palustris L.
- Viola papuana W. Becker & Pulle
- Viola paradoxa Lowe
- Viola paravaginata Hara H.
- Viola parnonia Kit Tan, Sfikas G. & Vold G.
- Viola parvula Tineo
- Viola pascua W. Becker
- Viola patrinii (Gingins) De Candolle
- Viola patrinii Gingins
- Viola pedata L.
- Viola pedatifida Don G.
- Viola pedunculata Torr. & Gray']]
- Viola pekinensis (Regel) W. Becker
- Viola pendulicarpa W. Becker
- Viola pentadactyla Fenzl.
- Viola perinensis W. Becker
- Viola perpensa Greene E. L.
- Viola persicifolia Schreber]]
- Viola phalacrocarpa Maxim
- Viola philippica Cavanilles
- Viola philippii Leyb.
- Viola pilosa Blume
- Viola pinetorum Greene E. L.
- Viola pinnata Franch. & Sav.
- Viola pinnata L.
- Viola placida W. Becker
- Viola plantaginea Webb ex Christ
- Viola poetica Boiss. & Spruner
- Viola pogonantha Sm. W.W.
- Viola polycephala Ballard H. E. & Jorg P.
- Viola polymorpha Chang
- Viola polypoda Turcz.
- Viola popetae Sparre
- Viola populifolia Greene E. L.
- Viola portalesia Gay
- Viola porterana Pollard C. L.
- Viola porterana major (Hook) Baker M. S.
- Viola porterana oregona Greene E. L. & Clausen J. C.
- Viola porterana porterana Pollard C. L.
- Viola portulacea Leyb.
- Viola praemorsa Douglas ex Lindl.
- Viola primulifolia L.
- Viola principis Boiss.
- Viola prionantha Bunge
- Viola pseudo-arcuata Chang
- Viola pseudo-bambusetorum Chang
- Viola pseudo-gracilis Strobl.
- Viola pseudo-mirabilis Coste
- Viola pseudo-monbeigii Chang
- Viola pseudo-stagnina Voroschilov V.N.
- Viola pseudo-vulcanica W. Becker
- Viola psychodes Greene E. L.
- Viola pubescens Aiton
- Viola pulvinata Reiche
- Viola pumila Chaix.
- Viola pumilio W.Becker
- Viola purpurea intergrifolia]] Baker M. S. & Clausen J. C.
- Viola purpurea Kellogg
- Viola pusillima Wedd.
- Viola pygmaea Juss. ex Poir.
- Viola pyrenaica Ramond ex DC.
- Viola raddeana Regel
- Viola raunsiensis W.Becker & Kosanin
- Viola reichei (Skottsb.) Weibel
- Viola reichei Skottsb. ex Macloskie
- Viola reichenbachiana Jordan ex Boreau
- Viola reichii Skottsb.
- Viola renifolia Gray A.
- Viola replicata W.Becker
- Viola reptans Robinson
- Viola rheophila Okamoto
- Viola rhodopeia W.Becker
- Viola riviniana Reichenbach
- Viola robusta Hillebr.
- Viola rockiana W.Becker
- Viola rodriguezii W.Becker
- Viola roigii Rossow
- Viola rossii Hemsl.
- Viola rostrata Pursh
- Viola rotundifolia Michx.
- Viola rubella Cav.
- Viola rupestris Schmidt
- Viola saccata Melchior
- Viola sacchalinensis Boissieu
- Viola sacculus Skottsb.
- Viola sagittata Aiton
- Viola savatieri Makino
- Viola saxifraga Maire
- Viola scandens Wiild. (Humb.& Bonpl.) ex Roem. & Schult.
- Viola schachimardanica Chalkuziev
- Viola schensiensis W.Becker
- Viola schneideri W.Becker
- Viola schulzeana W.Becker
- Viola scorpiuroides Cosson
- Viola selkirkii Pursh ex Goldie
- Viola sempervirens Greene
- Viola sempervivum Gay
- Viola senzanensis Hayata
- Viola seoulensis Nakai
- Viola septemloba Le Conte
- Viola septentrionalis Greene
- Viola serrula W. Becker
- Viola sheltonii Torrey
- Viola shikokiana Makino
- Viola shinchikuensis Yamamoto
- Viola shletonii Torrey
- Viola sieberiana Spreng.
- Viola sieboldi Maxim.
- Viola sieheana W. Becker
- Viola sikkimensis W. Becker
- Viola silicestris K.R.Thiele & Prober
- Viola sororia Willd.
- Viola spathulata Willd. ex Roemer R & Schultes J.A.
- Viola spegazzinii W. Becker
- Viola sphaerocarpa W. Becker
- Viola splendida er
- Viola stagnina Kit.]]
- Viola steinbachii W. Becker
- Viola stewardiana W. Becker
- Viola stojanowii W. Becker
- Viola stoloniflora Yokota & Higa
- Viola striata Aiton
- Viola suavis Bieb. M.]]
- Viola subandina J.M.
- Viola subatlantica (Maire R.) Ibn Tattou M.
- Viola subdimidiata St.Hilaire A.
- Viola sublanceolata House H. D.
- Viola subsinuata (Greene E. L.) Greene E. L.
- Viola szetschwanensis W. Becker & Boissieu H.
- Viola taishanensis Ching J. Wang
- Viola taltalensis W. Becker
- Viola tanaitica Grosset
- Viola tarbagataica Klokov
- Viola tashiroi Makino
- Viola tectiflora W. Becker
- Viola tenuicornis (W. Becker) Vorosch
- Viola tenuissima Chang
- Viola teplouchovii Juz.
- Viola thomsonii Oudemans
- Viola thorii Nelson A.
- Viola tineorum Erben M. & Raimondo F.M.
- Viola tokubuchiana Makino
- Viola tomentosa (Baker M. S.) Clausen J. C.
- Viola tracheliifolia Gingins & Skottsb
- Viola triangulifolia W. Becker
- Viola trichopetala Chang
- Viola tricolor L. - Pensamiento salvaje
- Viola triflabellata W. Becker
- Viola trinervata (Howell T. J.) Howell T. J. ex Gray A.
- Viola tripartita Elliott
- Viola tsugitakaensis Masamune
- Viola tuberifera Franchet
- Viola tucumanensis W. Becker
- Viola turkestanica Regel & Schnalh.
- Viola ucriana Erben M. & Raimondo F.M.
- Viola uliginosa (Muhl.) Besser]]
- Viola umbraticola Kunth.
- Viola uniflora L.
- Viola urophylla Franchet
- Viola urophylla Franchet
- Viola ursina Komarov
- Viola utahensis Baker M. S. & Clausen J. C. ex Baker M. S.
- Viola vaginata Maxim
- Viola valderia All.
- Viola vallicola Nelson A.
- Viola variegata Fischer ex Link
- Viola variegata Maxim.
- Viola verecunda Gray A.
- Viola verecunda Maxim.
- Viola verticillata Ortega
- Viola vespertina Klokov
- Viola viarum Pollard C. L.
- Viola villosa Walter
- Viola violacea Mak.
- Viola volcanica Gillies ex Hook & Arn.
- Viola wailenalenae (Rock J. F.) Skottsberg
- Viola wallichiana Gingins
- Viola walteri House H. D.
- Viola weberbaueri W. Becker
- Viola websteri Hemsley W. B. ex Forb. & Hemsl.
- Viola weddellii W. Becker
- Viola weibelii Macbride J.F. ex Baehni & Weibel
- Viola weixiensis Ching J. Wang
- Viola wiesbaurii Sabransky
- Viola willkommii Roemer R.
- Viola yamatsutae Ishidoya
- Viola yezoensis
- Viola yubariana Nakai
- Viola yunnanensis W. Becker & Boissieu H.
- Viola yunnanfuensis W. Becker
Enlaces externos
- Wikimedia Commons alberga contenido multimedia sobre Viola (género). Commons
- Wikiespecies tiene un artículo sobre Viola (género).
Johnny Jump Up 'Tricolor' (Viola Viola cornuta)
Johnny Jump-Up, Heartsease, Wild Pansy, Love in idleness, Call me to you, Pinken
Johnny Jump-Up, Heartsease, Wild Pansy, Love in idleness, Call me to you, Pinken1
Johnny Jump-Up, Heartsease, Wild Pansy, Love in idleness, Call me to you, Pinken
Labrador Violet (Viola labradorica)
Labrador Violet (Viola labradorica)
''Lady scott'' (viola cornuta)
Manchurian Violet, Sumire 'Fuji Dawn' (Viola mandshurica)
Marsh Violet (Viola cucullata)
Pansy 'Delta Premium Neon Violet'
Pansy 'Majestic Giants II Sherry' (Viola x wittrockiana)
Pansy 'Purple Rain' (Viola x wittrockiana)
Pansy 'Ultima Morpho' (Viola x wittrockiana)
Viola 'Clown Mix'
Botany - Botanica: Viola - Wiki data en Español and English - 85 Links to Botany species - Especies botánicas
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You have an alphabetical guide in the foot of the page in the blog: solitary dog sculptor
In the blog: Solitary Dog Sculptor I, the alphabetical guide is on the right side of the page
Thanks
Usted tiene una guía alfabética al pie de la página en el blog: solitary dog sculptor
En el blog: Solitary Dog Sculptor I, la guia alfabética está en el costado derecho de la página
Gracias
Ricardo M Marcenaro - Facebook
Blogs in operation of The Solitary Dog:
solitary dog sculptor:
http://byricardomarcenaro.blogspot.com
Solitary Dog Sculptor I:
http://byricardomarcenaroi.blogspot.com
Para:
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enviar materiales para publicar,
propuestas comerciales:
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For:
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My blogs are an open house to all cultures, religions and countries. Be a follower if you like it, with this action you are building a new culture of tolerance, open mind and heart for peace, love and human respect.
Thanks :)
Mis blogs son una casa abierta a todas las culturas, religiones y países. Se un seguidor si quieres, con esta acción usted está construyendo una nueva cultura de la tolerancia, la mente y el corazón abiertos para la paz, el amor y el respeto humano.
Gracias :)
Arabic Sweets
Arabic Sweets in Dubai
Dubai Sweets
Hey Thanks for sharing this blog its very helpful to implement in our work
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