Botany: Valeriana - Valerian herb - Wikipedia data
Posted by Ricardo Marcenaro | Posted in Botany: Valeriana - Valerian herb - Wikipedia data | Posted on 4:07
Valeriana officinalis
Valeriana
Koeh-143.jpg
Valeriana officinalis
Clasificación científica
Reino: Plantae
Subreino: Tracheobionta
División: Magnoliophyta
Clase: Magnoliopsida
Subclase: Asteridae
Orden: Dipsacales
Familia: Valerianaceae
Género: Valeriana
Especie: V. officinalis
Nombre binomial
Valeriana officinalis
La valeriana, alfeñique, hierba o yerba de los gatos, valeriana común o de las boticas o valeriana medicinal (Valeriana officinalis),[1] es una planta perenne, perteneciente a la familia de las Valerianáceas.
Hábitat
Nativa de Europa y partes de Asia, Valeriana se ha introducido en América del Norte. Se consume como alimento por las larvas de algunos lepidópteros (mariposas y polillas), especies incluidas Gris Pug. Es bastante común en los bosques húmedos y al borde de las corrientes de agua desde las llanuras hasta las zonas submontañosas. En medicina se usa la raíz o habitualmente sus fitoextractos.
Descripción
Es una planta perenne muy variable con el tallo simple que alcanza los 20-120 cm de altura. Las hojas son pinnadas con foliolos dentados. Las flores son pequeñas de color rosa pálido, producidas en un denso corimbo terminal en primavera y verano.
Droga
Se utilizan los órganos subterráneos (rizomas, raices y estolones). Los rizomas son ovoides o cilíndricos de 3-5 cm, color gris-amarillento, cubiertos por muchas raíces de pequeño diámetro, casi cilíndricas y del mismo color que el rizoma. Al ser pulverizada, tiene un color pardo claro y un olor típico, penetrante y desagradable.
Micromorfología
* fragmentos de parénquima
* Células resinosas pardas.
* Vasos conductores
* Granos de almidón, simples o compuestos, a veces dilo estrellado.
* Células pétreas rectangulares.
Composición Química
* Aceite esencial: 0,5%, de composición muy variable.
* Sesquiterpenos: los más importantes son los ácidos valerénico y acetoxivalerénico.
* Iridoides: son típicos de la valeriana y reciben el nombre de Valepotriatos.
Propiedades
Es uno de los grandes fármacos para el equilibrio nervioso. Se usa mucho como sedante y calmante en el histerismo, manifestaciones neurasténicas (insomnio, neurosis, calambres abdominales (cólicos), hiperexcitabilidad, etc.), en las alteraciones menopáusicas y como antiespasmódico en sentido lato. Se emplea en trastornos convulsivos con buenos resultados, sola o asociada a anticonvulsivantes. En algunas mujeres su uso como sedante suave puede tener el efecto opuesto, provocando excitación.
Tiene efectos psicoactivos sobre el comportamiento de los gatos,[2] que parecen ser placenteros puesto que su olor les atrae para consumirla.
Historia
La Valeriana se ha utilizado como hierba medicinal desde por lo menos el tiempo de la antigua Grecia y Roma. Hipócrates describió sus propiedades, y Galeno más tarde la prescribió como un remedio para el insomnio. En la Suecia medieval, a veces se colocaba en la ropa de boda del novio para evitar la "envidia" de los elfos.[3]
Sinonimia
* Valeriana angustifolia Tausch
* Valeriana collina Wallr.
* Valeriana officinalis subsp. collina (Wallr.) Nyman
* Valeriana rossica P.A.Smirn.
* Valeriana spryngini P.A.Smirn.
* Valeriana tenuifolia Vahl
* Valeriana turuchanica Kreyer
* Valeriana ucrainica Demjan.
* Valeriana wallrothii Kreyer
Valeriana
Koeh-143.jpg
Valeriana officinalis
Clasificación científica
Reino: Plantae
Subreino: Tracheobionta
División: Magnoliophyta
Clase: Magnoliopsida
Subclase: Asteridae
Orden: Dipsacales
Familia: Valerianaceae
Género: Valeriana
Especie: V. officinalis
Nombre binomial
Valeriana officinalis
La valeriana, alfeñique, hierba o yerba de los gatos, valeriana común o de las boticas o valeriana medicinal (Valeriana officinalis),[1] es una planta perenne, perteneciente a la familia de las Valerianáceas.
Hábitat
Nativa de Europa y partes de Asia, Valeriana se ha introducido en América del Norte. Se consume como alimento por las larvas de algunos lepidópteros (mariposas y polillas), especies incluidas Gris Pug. Es bastante común en los bosques húmedos y al borde de las corrientes de agua desde las llanuras hasta las zonas submontañosas. En medicina se usa la raíz o habitualmente sus fitoextractos.
Descripción
Es una planta perenne muy variable con el tallo simple que alcanza los 20-120 cm de altura. Las hojas son pinnadas con foliolos dentados. Las flores son pequeñas de color rosa pálido, producidas en un denso corimbo terminal en primavera y verano.
Droga
Se utilizan los órganos subterráneos (rizomas, raices y estolones). Los rizomas son ovoides o cilíndricos de 3-5 cm, color gris-amarillento, cubiertos por muchas raíces de pequeño diámetro, casi cilíndricas y del mismo color que el rizoma. Al ser pulverizada, tiene un color pardo claro y un olor típico, penetrante y desagradable.
Micromorfología
* fragmentos de parénquima
* Células resinosas pardas.
* Vasos conductores
* Granos de almidón, simples o compuestos, a veces dilo estrellado.
* Células pétreas rectangulares.
Composición Química
* Aceite esencial: 0,5%, de composición muy variable.
* Sesquiterpenos: los más importantes son los ácidos valerénico y acetoxivalerénico.
* Iridoides: son típicos de la valeriana y reciben el nombre de Valepotriatos.
Propiedades
Es uno de los grandes fármacos para el equilibrio nervioso. Se usa mucho como sedante y calmante en el histerismo, manifestaciones neurasténicas (insomnio, neurosis, calambres abdominales (cólicos), hiperexcitabilidad, etc.), en las alteraciones menopáusicas y como antiespasmódico en sentido lato. Se emplea en trastornos convulsivos con buenos resultados, sola o asociada a anticonvulsivantes. En algunas mujeres su uso como sedante suave puede tener el efecto opuesto, provocando excitación.
Tiene efectos psicoactivos sobre el comportamiento de los gatos,[2] que parecen ser placenteros puesto que su olor les atrae para consumirla.
Historia
La Valeriana se ha utilizado como hierba medicinal desde por lo menos el tiempo de la antigua Grecia y Roma. Hipócrates describió sus propiedades, y Galeno más tarde la prescribió como un remedio para el insomnio. En la Suecia medieval, a veces se colocaba en la ropa de boda del novio para evitar la "envidia" de los elfos.[3]
Sinonimia
* Valeriana angustifolia Tausch
* Valeriana collina Wallr.
* Valeriana officinalis subsp. collina (Wallr.) Nyman
* Valeriana rossica P.A.Smirn.
* Valeriana spryngini P.A.Smirn.
* Valeriana tenuifolia Vahl
* Valeriana turuchanica Kreyer
* Valeriana ucrainica Demjan.
* Valeriana wallrothii Kreyer
Valerian (herb)
Valerian (plant)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Asterids
Order: Dipsacales
Family: Valerianaceae
Genus: Valeriana
Species: V. officinalis
Binomial name
Valeriana officinalis
L. & Maillefer
Valerian (Valeriana officinalis, Valerianaceae) is a hardy perennial flowering plant, with heads of sweetly scented pink or white flowers. The flowers are in bloom in the northern hemisphere from June to September. Valerian was used as a perfume in the sixteenth century.
Native to Europe and parts of Asia, Valerian has been introduced into North America. It is consumed as food by the larvae of some Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) species including Grey Pug.
Other names used for this plant include garden valerian (to distinguish it from other Valeriana species), garden heliotrope (although not related to Heliotropium) and all-heal. The garden flower red valerian is also sometimes referred to as "valerian" but is a different species, from the same family but not particularly closely related.
Valerian, in pharmacology and phytotherapic medicine, is the name of a herb or dietary supplement prepared from roots of the plant, which, after maceration, trituration, dehydration processes, are conveniently packaged, usually into capsules, that may be used for certain effects including sedation and anxiolytic effect.[citation needed]
The amino acid Valine is named after this plant.
History
Valerian has been used as a medicinal herb since at least the time of ancient Greece and Rome. Hippocrates described its properties, and Galen later prescribed it as a remedy for insomnia. In medieval Sweden, it was sometimes placed in the wedding clothes of the groom to ward off the "envy" of the elves[1]. Valerian can be consumed as a tea.
Etymology
According to the Oxford English Dictionary (second edition 1989), valerian is derived from a Latin adjectival form of the personal name Valerius.
Valerian extract
Biochemical composition
Known pharmacologically active compounds detected in valerian extract are:
* Alkaloids: actinidine, catinine, valerianine, and valerine[citation needed]
* Isovaleramide[citation needed]
* Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)[citation needed]
* Valeric acid[citation needed]
* Valepotriates, acevaltrate, isovaltrate and valtrate[citation needed]
* Volatile oil containing active sesquiterpenes (acetoxyvalerenic acid, valerenic acid)
* Flavanones such as hesperidin, 6-methylapigenin and linarin[citation needed]
Mechanism of action
Because of valerian's historical use as a sedative, anti-convulsant, migraine treatment and pain reliever, most basic science research has been directed at the interaction of valerian constituents with the GABA neurotransmitter receptor system. These studies remain inconclusive and all require independent replication. The mechanism of action of valerian in general, as a mild sedative in particular, remains unknown. Valerian extracts appear to have some affinity for the GABAA receptor, a class of receptors on which benzodiazepines are known to act.[2][3]
Valerian also contains isovaltrate, which has been shown to be an agonist for adenosine A1 receptor sites.[4] This action may contribute to the herb's sedative effects.
Preparation
Valeriana officinalis
The chief constituent of Valerian is a yellowish-green to brownish-yellow oil which is present in the dried root varying from 0.5 to 2 percent though an average yield rarely exceeds 0.8 percent. This variation in quantity is partly explained by location: a dry, stony soil, yielding a root richer in oil than one that is moist and fertile.[5] The volatile oils that form the active ingredient are extremely pungent, somewhat reminiscent of well-matured cheese. Valerian tea should not be prepared with boiling water, as this may drive off the lighter oils.
Medicinal use
Exclamation mark with arrows pointing at each other
This article or section appears to contradict itself. Please see its talk page for more information.(April 2010)
Valerian is used for insomnia and other disorders as an alternative to benzodiazepine drugs. A sedative for nervous tension, hysteria, excitability, stress and intestinal colic or cramps.[6][7][8][9] However some of these research studies have shown it to be ineffective in this use. A recent article states, "Most studies found no significant differences between valerian and placebo either in healthy individuals or in persons with general sleep disturbance or insomnia." [10]
In the United States Valerian is sold as a nutritional supplement. Therapeutic use has increased as dietary supplements have gained in popularity, especially after the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act was passed in 1994. This law allowed the distribution of many agents as over-the-counter supplements, and therefore allowed them to bypass the regulatory requirements of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Despite the above mentioned studies finding valerian ineffective as an alternative for benzodiazepines, valerian is used against sleeping disorders, restlessness and anxiety, and as a muscle relaxant. Valerian often seems only to work when taken over longer periods (several weeks), though many users find that it takes effect immediately[citation needed]. Some studies have demonstrated that valerian extracts interact with the GABA receptors. Valerian is also used traditionally to treat gastrointestinal pain and irritable bowel syndrome. However, long term safety studies are missing. Valerian is sometimes recommended as a first-line treatment when benefit-risk analysis dictates. Valerian is often indicated as transition medication when discontinuing benzodiazepines.
Valerian has uses in herbal medicine as a sedative. The main current use of valerian is as a remedy for insomnia, with a recent meta-analysis providing some evidence of effectiveness.[11] It has been recommended[citation needed] for epilepsy but that is not supported by research (although valproic acid—an analogue of one of Valerian's constituents, valeric acid—is used as an anticonvulsant and mood-stabilizing drug). Valerian root generally does not lose effectiveness over time.
While shown to be an effective remedy for the reduction of anxiety, it has also been reported to cause agitation, headaches and night terrors in some individuals.[citation needed] This may be due to the fact that some people lack a digestive conversion property necessary to effectively break down Valerian. One study found that valerian tends to sedate the agitated person and stimulate the fatigued person, bringing about a balancing effect on the system.[12]
Oral forms, usage and adverse effects
Oral forms
Oral forms are available in both standardized and unstandardized forms. Standardized products may be preferable considering the wide variation of the chemicals in the dried root, as noted above. When standardized it is done so as a percentage of valerenic acid or valeric acid.
Dosage
Dosage is difficult to determine due to the lack of standardization and variability in available forms. Typical dosages of the crude herb vary from 2-10 grams per day. Valerian root is non-toxic but may cause side effects in large excessive doses such as giddiness and disorientation.
Adverse effects
Few adverse events attributable to valerian have been reported.[6] Large doses or chronic use may result in stomach ache, apathy, and a feeling of mental dullness or mild depression. Because of the herb's tranquilizer properties, it may cause dizziness or drowsiness, effects that should be considered before driving or operating heavy or hazardous equipment.[13] In some individuals, valerian can cause stomach ache, anxiety, and night terrors (see above). Though some people like the earthy scent, many others find it unpleasant. In rare cases, Valerian may cause an allergic reaction, typically as a skin rash, hives, or difficulty breathing.[13]
Because the compounds in valerian produce central nervous system depression, they should not be used with other depressants, such as alcohol, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, or opiates.[14][15][16] Moreover, nonpregnant adult human hepatotoxicity has been associated with short-term use (i.e., a few days to several months) of herbal preparations containing valerian [17]. Long-term use in a male has also been associated with benzodiazepine-like withdrawal symptoms resulting in cardiac complications and delirium [18].
The very limited animal and human data do not allow a conclusion as to the safety of valerian during pregnancy. Moreover, as a natural, unregulated product, the concentration, contents, and presence of contaminants in valerian preparations cannot be easily determined. Because of this uncertainty and the potential for cytotoxicity in the fetus and hepatotoxicity in the mother, the product should be avoided during pregnancy. Other authors have arrived at the same conclusion [14][15]. The risk to a fetus from short-term or inadvertent use during any part of gestation, however, is probably low, if it exists at all.
Effect on cats and rats
An unusual feature of valerian is that the essential oil of valerian root is a cat attractant similar to catnip. The active compound in valerian for this is actinidine. Cat attractants might mimic the odor of cat urine which is caused by 3-mercapto-3-methylbutan-1-ol (MMB). Anecdotes state that valerian is also attractive to rats, so much so that it had been used to bait traps. Some versions of the legend of the Pied Piper of Hamelin have him using valerian, as well as his pipes, to attract the rats.[5] This might be related to the change of aversion into attraction to cat urine in rats infected with the parasite Toxoplasma gondii.[19]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerian_%28herb%29
Valerian (plant)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Asterids
Order: Dipsacales
Family: Valerianaceae
Genus: Valeriana
Species: V. officinalis
Binomial name
Valeriana officinalis
L. & Maillefer
Valerian (Valeriana officinalis, Valerianaceae) is a hardy perennial flowering plant, with heads of sweetly scented pink or white flowers. The flowers are in bloom in the northern hemisphere from June to September. Valerian was used as a perfume in the sixteenth century.
Native to Europe and parts of Asia, Valerian has been introduced into North America. It is consumed as food by the larvae of some Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) species including Grey Pug.
Other names used for this plant include garden valerian (to distinguish it from other Valeriana species), garden heliotrope (although not related to Heliotropium) and all-heal. The garden flower red valerian is also sometimes referred to as "valerian" but is a different species, from the same family but not particularly closely related.
Valerian, in pharmacology and phytotherapic medicine, is the name of a herb or dietary supplement prepared from roots of the plant, which, after maceration, trituration, dehydration processes, are conveniently packaged, usually into capsules, that may be used for certain effects including sedation and anxiolytic effect.[citation needed]
The amino acid Valine is named after this plant.
History
Valerian has been used as a medicinal herb since at least the time of ancient Greece and Rome. Hippocrates described its properties, and Galen later prescribed it as a remedy for insomnia. In medieval Sweden, it was sometimes placed in the wedding clothes of the groom to ward off the "envy" of the elves[1]. Valerian can be consumed as a tea.
Etymology
According to the Oxford English Dictionary (second edition 1989), valerian is derived from a Latin adjectival form of the personal name Valerius.
Valerian extract
Biochemical composition
Known pharmacologically active compounds detected in valerian extract are:
* Alkaloids: actinidine, catinine, valerianine, and valerine[citation needed]
* Isovaleramide[citation needed]
* Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)[citation needed]
* Valeric acid[citation needed]
* Valepotriates, acevaltrate, isovaltrate and valtrate[citation needed]
* Volatile oil containing active sesquiterpenes (acetoxyvalerenic acid, valerenic acid)
* Flavanones such as hesperidin, 6-methylapigenin and linarin[citation needed]
Mechanism of action
Because of valerian's historical use as a sedative, anti-convulsant, migraine treatment and pain reliever, most basic science research has been directed at the interaction of valerian constituents with the GABA neurotransmitter receptor system. These studies remain inconclusive and all require independent replication. The mechanism of action of valerian in general, as a mild sedative in particular, remains unknown. Valerian extracts appear to have some affinity for the GABAA receptor, a class of receptors on which benzodiazepines are known to act.[2][3]
Valerian also contains isovaltrate, which has been shown to be an agonist for adenosine A1 receptor sites.[4] This action may contribute to the herb's sedative effects.
Preparation
Valeriana officinalis
The chief constituent of Valerian is a yellowish-green to brownish-yellow oil which is present in the dried root varying from 0.5 to 2 percent though an average yield rarely exceeds 0.8 percent. This variation in quantity is partly explained by location: a dry, stony soil, yielding a root richer in oil than one that is moist and fertile.[5] The volatile oils that form the active ingredient are extremely pungent, somewhat reminiscent of well-matured cheese. Valerian tea should not be prepared with boiling water, as this may drive off the lighter oils.
Medicinal use
Exclamation mark with arrows pointing at each other
This article or section appears to contradict itself. Please see its talk page for more information.(April 2010)
Valerian is used for insomnia and other disorders as an alternative to benzodiazepine drugs. A sedative for nervous tension, hysteria, excitability, stress and intestinal colic or cramps.[6][7][8][9] However some of these research studies have shown it to be ineffective in this use. A recent article states, "Most studies found no significant differences between valerian and placebo either in healthy individuals or in persons with general sleep disturbance or insomnia." [10]
In the United States Valerian is sold as a nutritional supplement. Therapeutic use has increased as dietary supplements have gained in popularity, especially after the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act was passed in 1994. This law allowed the distribution of many agents as over-the-counter supplements, and therefore allowed them to bypass the regulatory requirements of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Despite the above mentioned studies finding valerian ineffective as an alternative for benzodiazepines, valerian is used against sleeping disorders, restlessness and anxiety, and as a muscle relaxant. Valerian often seems only to work when taken over longer periods (several weeks), though many users find that it takes effect immediately[citation needed]. Some studies have demonstrated that valerian extracts interact with the GABA receptors. Valerian is also used traditionally to treat gastrointestinal pain and irritable bowel syndrome. However, long term safety studies are missing. Valerian is sometimes recommended as a first-line treatment when benefit-risk analysis dictates. Valerian is often indicated as transition medication when discontinuing benzodiazepines.
Valerian has uses in herbal medicine as a sedative. The main current use of valerian is as a remedy for insomnia, with a recent meta-analysis providing some evidence of effectiveness.[11] It has been recommended[citation needed] for epilepsy but that is not supported by research (although valproic acid—an analogue of one of Valerian's constituents, valeric acid—is used as an anticonvulsant and mood-stabilizing drug). Valerian root generally does not lose effectiveness over time.
While shown to be an effective remedy for the reduction of anxiety, it has also been reported to cause agitation, headaches and night terrors in some individuals.[citation needed] This may be due to the fact that some people lack a digestive conversion property necessary to effectively break down Valerian. One study found that valerian tends to sedate the agitated person and stimulate the fatigued person, bringing about a balancing effect on the system.[12]
Oral forms, usage and adverse effects
Oral forms
Oral forms are available in both standardized and unstandardized forms. Standardized products may be preferable considering the wide variation of the chemicals in the dried root, as noted above. When standardized it is done so as a percentage of valerenic acid or valeric acid.
Dosage
Dosage is difficult to determine due to the lack of standardization and variability in available forms. Typical dosages of the crude herb vary from 2-10 grams per day. Valerian root is non-toxic but may cause side effects in large excessive doses such as giddiness and disorientation.
Adverse effects
Few adverse events attributable to valerian have been reported.[6] Large doses or chronic use may result in stomach ache, apathy, and a feeling of mental dullness or mild depression. Because of the herb's tranquilizer properties, it may cause dizziness or drowsiness, effects that should be considered before driving or operating heavy or hazardous equipment.[13] In some individuals, valerian can cause stomach ache, anxiety, and night terrors (see above). Though some people like the earthy scent, many others find it unpleasant. In rare cases, Valerian may cause an allergic reaction, typically as a skin rash, hives, or difficulty breathing.[13]
Because the compounds in valerian produce central nervous system depression, they should not be used with other depressants, such as alcohol, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, or opiates.[14][15][16] Moreover, nonpregnant adult human hepatotoxicity has been associated with short-term use (i.e., a few days to several months) of herbal preparations containing valerian [17]. Long-term use in a male has also been associated with benzodiazepine-like withdrawal symptoms resulting in cardiac complications and delirium [18].
The very limited animal and human data do not allow a conclusion as to the safety of valerian during pregnancy. Moreover, as a natural, unregulated product, the concentration, contents, and presence of contaminants in valerian preparations cannot be easily determined. Because of this uncertainty and the potential for cytotoxicity in the fetus and hepatotoxicity in the mother, the product should be avoided during pregnancy. Other authors have arrived at the same conclusion [14][15]. The risk to a fetus from short-term or inadvertent use during any part of gestation, however, is probably low, if it exists at all.
Effect on cats and rats
An unusual feature of valerian is that the essential oil of valerian root is a cat attractant similar to catnip. The active compound in valerian for this is actinidine. Cat attractants might mimic the odor of cat urine which is caused by 3-mercapto-3-methylbutan-1-ol (MMB). Anecdotes state that valerian is also attractive to rats, so much so that it had been used to bait traps. Some versions of the legend of the Pied Piper of Hamelin have him using valerian, as well as his pipes, to attract the rats.[5] This might be related to the change of aversion into attraction to cat urine in rats infected with the parasite Toxoplasma gondii.[19]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerian_%28herb%29
Ricardo Marcenaro
Sculptures – Esculturas
http://ricardomarcenaro.ning.com/
Ricardo M Marcenaro - Facebook
Blogs in operation of The Solitary Dog:
Solitary Dog Sculptor:
http://byricardomarcenaro.blogspot.com
Solitary Dog Sculptor I:
http://byricardomarcenaroi.blogspot.com
Para:
comunicarse conmigo,
enviar materiales para publicar,
propuestas comerciales:
marcenaroescultor@gmail.com
For:
contact me,
submit materials for publication,
commercial proposals:
marcenaroescultor@gmail.com
Diario La Nación
Argentina
Cuenta Comentarista en el Foro:
Capiscum
My blogs are an open house to all cultures, religions and countries. Be a follower if you like it, with this action you are building a new culture of tolerance, open mind and heart for peace, love and human respect.
Thanks :)
Mis blogs son una casa abierta a todas las culturas, religiones y países. Se un seguidor si quieres, con esta acción usted está construyendo una nueva cultura de la tolerancia, la mente y el corazón abiertos para la paz, el amor y el respeto humano.
Gracias :)
Sculptures – Esculturas
http://ricardomarcenaro.ning.com/
Ricardo M Marcenaro - Facebook
Blogs in operation of The Solitary Dog:
Solitary Dog Sculptor:
http://byricardomarcenaro.blogspot.com
Solitary Dog Sculptor I:
http://byricardomarcenaroi.blogspot.com
Para:
comunicarse conmigo,
enviar materiales para publicar,
propuestas comerciales:
marcenaroescultor@gmail.com
For:
contact me,
submit materials for publication,
commercial proposals:
marcenaroescultor@gmail.com
Diario La Nación
Argentina
Cuenta Comentarista en el Foro:
Capiscum
My blogs are an open house to all cultures, religions and countries. Be a follower if you like it, with this action you are building a new culture of tolerance, open mind and heart for peace, love and human respect.
Thanks :)
Mis blogs son una casa abierta a todas las culturas, religiones y países. Se un seguidor si quieres, con esta acción usted está construyendo una nueva cultura de la tolerancia, la mente y el corazón abiertos para la paz, el amor y el respeto humano.
Gracias :)
Comments (0)
Publicar un comentario